SPHAGNETICOLA TRILOBATA EXTRACT.

This extract functions by neutralizing various free radicals including DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals, thereby providing comprehensive antioxidant defense. Its anti-inflammatory actions involve inhibiting plasma extravasation and leukocyte migration, modulating PKC activation, interfering with arachidonic acid metabolism, and down-regulating pro-inflammatory gene expression (e.g., COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α). For skin repair, it prevents H2O2-induced keratinocyte death, promotes wound contraction and epithelialization, down-regulates MMP-1 and MMP-2, and up-regulates procollagen type 1 genes. Its antimicrobial spectrum covers bacteria like *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Propionibacterium acnes*, as well as *Candida albicans*, through cell wall disruption, protein synthesis inhibition, and interference with nucleic acid metabolism. Additionally, it exhibits anti-tyrosinase activity, contributing to skin brightening.