SALVIA PLEBEIA EXTRACT.

Salvia Plebeia Extract influences numerous biological pathways to deliver its diverse skin benefits. For hair growth, it stimulates human dermal papilla cell proliferation and migration, upregulates HGF, downregulates TGF-β1, and activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. It also enhances hair follicle development by increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and activating ERK and Akt pathways, promoting the anagen phase. In anti-photoaging, it inhibits UV-induced TRPV1 and ORAI1 ion channels, alongside crucial enzymes such as tyrosinase for skin brightening and elastase for anti-wrinkle effects. Its photoprotective capabilities extend to reducing UVB-induced epidermal thickening and collagen degradation. As an anti-inflammatory agent, it modulates immune responses by suppressing mast cell infiltration, reducing histamine levels, and inhibiting Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine expansion. It further downregulates MAPK, NF-κB, and STAT1 in keratinocytes, leading to reduced cytokine and chemokine expression. Flavonoids and phenolic acids, like rosmarinic acid, contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy.