Science
Mechanism of Action
PEG-150, encompassing forms like PEG-150 Distearate and PEG-150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate, contributes to formulation characteristics through several mechanisms. As a viscosity modifier, it enhances product thickness by enabling its molecules to swell and by acting as a micellar thickening agent in surfactant systems. This involves augmenting the hydrodynamic size of micelles, increasing viscous drag, promoting the formation of wormlike micelles, and physically crosslinking them. In its role as an emulsifier, PEG-150 reduces the surface tension between immiscible oil and water phases, thereby creating and stabilizing emulsions to prevent component separation. It also functions as a non-ionic surfactant, assisting in the emulsification of oil and dirt with water for efficient rinsing. Furthermore, PEG-150 exhibits humectant properties, attracting and retaining moisture, which can support skin and hair hydration.
Research
Clinical Evidence
High confidenceN/A
Key findings
- 01 Clinical data indicate PEG-150, including PEG-150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate, effectively functions as a viscosity-increasing agent in cosmetic products at concentrations up to 5%.
- 02 Human repeated insult patch tests on the undiluted ingredient demonstrate a low potential for skin irritation and sensitization.
- 03 PEG-150 Distearate is typically utilized as a non-ionic thickener and emulsifier in concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 2.0%, noted for its non-irritating profile suitable for sensitive applications like baby care.
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
PEG-150 Distearate maintains stable performance within a pH range of 5 to 8, aligning with common cosmetic product requirements, and is generally stable under pH extremes. This non-ionic ingredient necessitates heating above its melting point (approximately 52-57°C) for dissolution, with solubility further enhanced by the presence of other surfactants. It exhibits instability in hot alkaline solutions due to hydrolysis and can undergo saponification when exposed to strong acids or bases.
Synergies
- Other surfactants (enhances solubility)
Conflicts
- Hot alkaline solutions (due to hydrolysis)
- Strong acids or bases (will saponify)
- Salicylates (potential for discoloration or precipitation)
- Phenolic substances (potential for discoloration or precipitation)
- Iodine salts (potential for discoloration or precipitation)
- Salts of bismuth, silver, and tannins (potential for discoloration or precipitation)
- Certain preservatives (potential for complex formation)
Safety
Safety Profile
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel has deemed PEG-150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate safe for use in cosmetics at concentrations up to 5%. Additionally, PEG-150 Distearate, along with other PEG Distearate ingredients, has been concluded as safe for cosmetic formulations, with reported use concentrations up to 33.2% in skin cleansing products. PEG ingredients are generally characterized by low toxicity. However, caution is advised for products used on damaged skin, as kidney effects were noted in burn patients using PEG-containing antibiotic ointments extensively. Trace amounts of 1,4-dioxane, a by-product of the ethoxylation process, may be present but are typically controlled through purification methods.
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
PEG-150 is a valuable ingredient for precision skincare formulations, offering multifunctional benefits as a viscosity enhancer, emulsifier, and mild cleansing agent, with a strong safety profile and broad skin compatibility.
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