NUPHAR LUTEUM LEAF EXTRACT.

Nuphar Luteum Leaf Extract primarily exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating the NF-κB pathway, a central mediator of inflammatory responses. This action is coupled with a modulation of cytokine production, resulting in decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12, while concurrently increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Additionally, studies indicate its influence on ERK phosphorylation in peritoneal macrophages. The extract's diverse biological activities, including antioxidant and potential antimicrobial properties, are attributed to its broad composition of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and vitamin C.