NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM PEEL EXTRACT.

This extract operates through several key mechanisms to improve skin health. It significantly reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, COX-2, NO, PGE-2, IL-6, iNOS, and TNF-α, and by modulating NF-κB and JNK/ERK MAPK signaling pathways. Rich in phenolic compounds like geraniin, catechin, and quercetin, it acts as a robust antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and ameliorating oxidative stress in keratinocytes by increasing glutathione levels. Furthermore, it demonstrates anti-aging effects by inhibiting key enzymes—collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase—that degrade skin structure and hydration, and shows moderate tyrosinase activity, suggesting potential for skin brightening.