MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA LEAF EXTRACT.

This extract operates through several biological pathways to promote skin health. It potently inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9), crucial enzymes involved in the degradation of dermal collagen, particularly following UV exposure. Furthermore, it is a powerful scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including peroxynitrite, which helps mitigate oxidative stress and protect both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from damage. Its anti-inflammatory action is evidenced by its ability to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Its beneficial activities are attributed to active components like phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins.