Science
Mechanism of Action
This extract exhibits antioxidant effects by upregulating phospho-NFκB repressing factor in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Its moisturizing benefits are attributed to the upregulation of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and cAMP response element-binding protein in an artificial skin model. Anthraquinone substances found in *Damnacanthus* species contribute to its antioxidant and skin brightening actions. Broader research on related *Damnacanthus* species suggests anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.
Research
Clinical Evidence
Low confidenceN/A
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
The Formula
Formulation
Safety
Safety Profile
Comprehensive toxicity data, including dermal, oral, parenteral, and inhalation, is currently 'Not determined'. There is no reported use under the FDA's Voluntary Cosmetics Reporting Program. However, an ethanol extract of *Damnacanthus major* callus demonstrated no phototoxicity up to 1 mg/mL in an artificial skin alternative.
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
The ingredient shows promising *in vitro* antioxidant, moisturizing, and potential brightening effects, but comprehensive safety, formulation, and human clinical efficacy data are currently insufficient for a definitive assessment.
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