ALPINIA FORMOSANA LEAF/STEM WATER.

This ingredient functions as a potent antioxidant, effectively neutralizing free radicals and preventing protein carbonylation to protect the skin from environmental aggressors. It exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects by calming irritation and redness through the inhibition of PGE2 production, and by modulating inflammatory pathways such as MAPK (ERK and JNK), NF-κB, and STAT1. Furthermore, it supports skin rejuvenation and anti-aging processes by accelerating collagen synthesis, promoting the proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, inhibiting MMP-1 activity, and boosting glutathione and key structural proteins like integrin α6β4 and laminin-332. It also aids in skin brightening by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and melanin production, alongside promoting DKK1 mRNA expression.