ADINA RUBELLA FLOWER/LEAF/STEM EXTRACT.

The proposed mechanism of action for Adina Rubella Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract on the skin is extrapolated from studies on its constituent plant parts. Leaf extracts exhibit robust antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging DPPH radicals and NBT superoxide, thereby combating oxidative stress. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through the inhibition of nitric oxide production and the downregulation of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Furthermore, this extract demonstrates antibacterial efficacy by compromising bacterial cell wall structures, increasing cell membrane permeability, leading to nucleic acid leakage, and altering bacterial reactive oxygen species levels, indicating a protective role against microbial proliferation.