Science
Mechanism of Action
Functions through a complex matrix of polyphenols, lignans, and monoterpenes (including limonene and alpha-pinene) that neutralize free radicals via oxidation-reduction reactions forming stable dimers. Additionally inhibits bacterial and fungal growth while suppressing inflammatory enzymes that contribute to oxidative stress.
Research
Clinical Evidence
Medium confidence0.3%
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
At 0.3% effective concentration, this ingredient requires meaningful inclusion levels that discourage dusting practices
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Highly oxidation-sensitive with mandatory peroxide value monitoring below 10 mmoles/L; requires antioxidant stabilizers like tocopherol in oil phases
Synergies
- tocopherol
- other antioxidants
Conflicts
- strong oxidizing agents
- high heat processing
Safety
Safety Profile
EU regulated under Annex III (1223/2009) with strict peroxide value requirements to prevent terpene oxidation sensitization
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
A well-rounded botanical antioxidant with demonstrated brightening efficacy, though formulation complexity limits broader application.
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References
Sources