Science
Mechanism of Action
Functions as a metal-chelating ionophore that binds iron and zinc to disrupt bacterial respiratory chains, while simultaneously suppressing tyrosinase activity to reduce melanin production, downregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymes to prevent collagen breakdown, and inhibiting NF-kB signaling pathways to reduce inflammation
Research
Clinical Evidence
High confidence0.05%
Key findings
- 01 Demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity against P. acnes at 0.05% concentration in commercial formulations
- 02 Established minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.01-0.1% for reducing acne lesions and preventing bacterial proliferation
- 03 Confirmed non-irritant status at 1.0% concentration in 48-hour closed patch testing
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
Typically used at effective concentrations rather than trace amounts due to its dual role as both preservative booster and active ingredient
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Exhibits excellent stability in acidic to neutral conditions but degrades rapidly above pH 9; forms stable metal complexes that may cause color shifts, particularly reddish hues with iron contamination
Conflicts
- Ferric ions (causes discoloration)
- Strong oxidizing agents
- Strongly alkaline bases
Safety
Safety Profile
Listed in EU CosIng database as antimicrobial and anticorrosive; patch testing at 5% in petrolatum shows no sensitization or phototoxicity, though mild reactions possible in hypersensitive individuals at 1% in ethanol
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
A well-researched multifunctional ingredient that combines effective antimicrobial properties with meaningful anti-aging and brightening benefits at clinically-validated concentrations.
Related
Similar Ingredients
Finding similar ingredients…
References
Sources