Science
Mechanism of Action
Functions as an oxidative coupler that penetrates hair shafts and reacts with primary intermediates in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to form large, stable pigment molecules that become permanently trapped within the hair structure.
Research
Clinical Evidence
High confidence0.5%
Key findings
- 01 Guinea pig maximization testing at 2% showed no skin sensitization
- 02 Survey data from 2021-2022 confirmed safety at 0.24% in hair dye applications
- 03 Animal studies demonstrated non-irritating properties up to 10% concentration
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
This ingredient is highly specialized for hair coloring applications and rarely appears in skincare formulations, making dusting concerns minimal.
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Light-sensitive compound that oxidizes to yellow-orange coloration when exposed to air or UV light. Requires storage in cool, dark, dry conditions to maintain stability.
Synergies
- p-phenylenediamines (primary intermediates)
- hydrogen peroxide (oxidizing agent)
Conflicts
- Strong oxidizing agents
- Strong acids
Safety
Safety Profile
CIR Expert Panel and SCCS limit use to 1.0% in oxidative hair dyes and 0.5% in non-oxidative systems. Identified as an ocular irritant requiring eye area avoidance.
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
A specialized hair dye ingredient with limited skincare applications and ocular irritation concerns that make it unsuitable for most facial formulations.
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References
Sources