Science
Mechanism of Action
Functions as a penetration enhancer by disrupting the highly organized intercellular lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum, creating temporary pathways for improved active ingredient delivery while potentially modifying skin protein conformation
Research
Clinical Evidence
Low confidenceN/A
Key findings
- 01 Research focused on antimicrobial properties in plant essential oils and penetration enhancement capabilities in topical delivery systems (0.01% - 3%)
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
Primarily used as a functional penetration enhancer and fragrance component rather than a marketing-driven active ingredient
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Highly lipophilic (LogP ~3.69) with limited water solubility (204.8 mg/L); remains stable as clear colorless liquid under standard storage conditions; soluble in alcohols and oils
Conflicts
- strong oxidizing agents
Safety
Safety Profile
Classified as skin and eye irritant (GHS Category 2) in pure form; approved for fragrance use up to 3%; holds FEMA GRAS status (No. 4304) for food flavoring
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
While effective as a penetration enhancer, the moderate irritation potential and limited clinical validation make it a questionable choice for most consumer skincare applications.
Related
Similar Ingredients
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References
Sources