Science
Mechanism of Action
Poloxamer 402 exerts its effects through its unique amphiphilic structure, composed of hydrophilic polyoxyethylene (PEO) blocks and a hydrophobic polyoxypropylene (PPO) block. This allows it to reduce surface tension, thereby creating and stabilizing emulsions. It acts as a solubilizing agent, enabling the dissolution of ingredients that would otherwise be insoluble in a given solvent. As a cleansing agent, it helps water mix with and lift oil and dirt from the skin for easy rinsing. Poloxamer 402 can also form thermoreversible gels, which transition from a liquid to a more viscous state at body temperature, and has shown potential to enhance the topical permeation of other active ingredients.
Research
Clinical Evidence
High confidenceN/A
Key findings
- 01 Clinical evaluations consistently demonstrated that Poloxamers, including Poloxamer 402, caused no dermal irritation or sensitization when incorporated into cosmetic products.
- 02 Formulations containing related poloxamers, such as Poloxamer 407, at these concentrations form thermoreversible gels that transition from liquid to a more viscous gel state at body temperature. This property is also characteristic of Poloxamer 402 and is utilized in sustained drug release systems.
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
No available data suggests that Poloxamer 402 is commonly associated with ingredient dusting issues.
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Aqueous solutions of Poloxamers are broadly stable across a wide pH range, showing resistance to acids, alkalis, and various metal ions. They exhibit 'reverse solubility,' meaning solubility increases at lower temperatures. However, aqueous solutions are susceptible to mold growth, necessitating adequate preservation. Bulk material should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-closed container to maintain integrity.
Conflicts
- Aqueous solutions may support mold growth, requiring the use of preservatives.
- Related Poloxamer 188 has shown potential incompatibility with phenols and parabens depending on specific concentrations, suggesting a general caution for the class.
- Complexes formed in chlorinated organic solvents are unstable when exposed to oxygen, air, or water.
Safety
Safety Profile
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel has concluded that Poloxamer 402, along with other poloxamers, is safe for use in cosmetics. The panel noted minimal expected skin penetration due to its molecular weight and solubility. Formulators must ensure purification processes maintain 1,4-dioxane impurity levels below established limits. Poloxamers are also FDA-approved as inactive pharmaceutical ingredients and are generally considered non-toxic and non-irritant.
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
Poloxamer 402 is a valuable, versatile ingredient for skincare formulations, offering excellent surfactant, solubilizing, and cleansing properties with a strong safety profile and broad skin compatibility.
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