Science
Mechanism of Action
Lysozyme functions primarily by hydrolyzing the β-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds within the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, leading to cellular lysis. This action is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, and its efficacy extends to Gram-negative strains when co-formulated with outer membrane disruptors. Beyond its antibacterial role, lysozyme demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by modulating immune responses, fostering the recruitment and activation of macrophages, and thereby assisting in pathogen clearance and cellular debris removal. Specifically, it reduces Propionibacterium acnes (P-acne) populations and aids in regulating sebaceous gland activity.
Research
Clinical Evidence
High confidenceN/A
Key findings
- 01 Cosmetic formulations (facial creams, astringents, masks) containing human lysozyme, at concentrations ranging from 0.018 to 200 mg/g, demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against various clinical isolates, including resistant strains. These formulations were effective in treating acne caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Propionibacterium acnes, while noted to be non-irritating and free of side effects.
- 02 Whitening and acne-removing masks utilizing human lysozyme at 0.2-200 mg/g, and whitening and freckle-removing creams with 0.3-150 mg/g, consistently showed notable treatment effects.
- 03 A lysozyme gel maintaining enzymatic activity was successfully applied topically for pre- and post-operative disinfection, facial care, and hand/foot/nail care.
- 04 Combination therapies with lysozyme and bacteriocin AS-48 exhibit potential for treating dermatological conditions such as acne vulgaris.
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Lysozyme exhibits optimal enzymatic activity within a pH range of 6.0-9.0, with maximal activity around pH 6.24. Its maximum thermal stability is observed at pH 5.0, and it maintains high stability up to pH 12.0. To preserve activity and stability, it should be protected from indole derivatives, imidazole, and surface-active agents possessing carbon chains of 12 or more carbons (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate).
Synergies
- Bacteriocin AS-48 (for acne vulgaris treatment)
- Agents that disrupt Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes (to enhance efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria)
Conflicts
- Indole derivatives
- Imidazole
- Surface-active agents (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecanate, dodecyl alcohol with ≥12 carbon chains)
Safety
Safety Profile
Lysozyme is generally considered safe and well-tolerated in cosmetic applications. Although a general chemical safety summary may list 'Irritant' as a potential hazard, cosmetic formulations containing human lysozyme have been clinically reported as non-irritating and devoid of side effects. It is not listed as a prohibited or restricted ingredient by the FDA for cosmetic use.
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
Lysozyme is a valuable ingredient for precision skincare, offering potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory benefits to treat acne, regulate sebum, and support skin brightening, with demonstrated efficacy and a low irritation profile across various formulations.
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