KAEMPFEROL RHAMNOSIDE.

Kaempferol rhamnosides exert their protective effects primarily by scavenging free radicals and attenuating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thereby mitigating oxidative damage. Their anti-inflammatory action involves suppressing the release of key pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18, IL-6), inhibiting NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways, and reducing nitric oxide (NO) production through the suppression of iNOS mRNA expression. Additionally, these compounds contribute to skin brightening by inhibiting melanin synthesis and modulating tyrosinase activity. Certain forms, such as Kaempferol 7-O-rhamnoside, also demonstrate anti-apoptotic effects and can interfere with PD-1/PD-L1 interactions, indicating broader immune-modulating capabilities that support overall skin health and barrier function.