Science
Mechanism of Action
This enzyme primarily functions by hydrolyzing β(1→4) linkages within the peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacterial cell walls, leading to bacterial lysis. While less effective against Gram-negative bacteria unless potentiated by cofactors like EDTA, it also possesses antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Human Lysozyme further enhances immune response by promoting the recruitment and activation of immune cells, particularly macrophages, thereby contributing to early-phase inflammatory processes and promoting chemotaxis and phagocytic activity.
Research
Clinical Evidence
Medium confidenceN/A
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
No data available on dusting for this ingredient.
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Optimal working conditions for recombinant human lysozyme are approximately 40°C and a pH between 5.0 and 6.0, which aligns well with the optimal pH range of human skin (4.7-5.5). The enzyme can regain activity at pH 5.5 and 34°C. It demonstrates high pH tolerance, maintaining roughly 50% lytic activity for 20 minutes even at pH 12. However, it is susceptible to forming amyloid fibrils under conditions of high temperatures and specific pH values, and its native structure can be destabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at elevated temperatures.
Synergies
- EDTA (to enhance efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria)
Conflicts
- Indole derivatives
- Imidazole
- Surface-active agents (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecanate, dodecyl alcohol with carbon chains of 12 or more carbons)
- Certain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that may exhibit antagonistic interactions
Safety
Safety Profile
While cosmetic ingredients do not require FDA pre-market approval, they must be safe and properly labeled. General lysozyme (including egg-white lysozyme) has been associated with potential allergic reactions, including skin reactions, eye irritation, and respiratory issues. However, Human Lysozyme is a natural component of human body fluids and tissues, suggesting a lower inherent risk of sensitization compared to other forms of lysozyme.
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
Human Lysozyme is a valuable ingredient, offering robust antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory support suitable for diverse skin types, particularly beneficial for managing concerns like acne and enhancing skin immunity.
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References
Sources