Science
Mechanism of Action
Graphene oxide, an exfoliated derivative of graphite oxide, functions through several pathways. It exhibits potent antibacterial activity, enhances the transdermal delivery of other compounds, and fosters angiogenesis by inducing intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. This process activates the NO signaling pathway via eNOS and Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, it helps shield skin from external damage by modulating the immune microenvironment and suppressing inflammatory responses, while also offering significant UV radiation protection and stabilizing co-formulated active ingredients.
Research
Clinical Evidence
High confidence0.03%
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
Graphite Oxide, particularly in its nanographene oxide form, is a specialized advanced material used for its unique functional properties rather than as a bulk ingredient or filler. Its precise application and concentration are critical for efficacy and safety, precluding its use as a 'dusted' ingredient.
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Graphene oxide is highly water-dispersible due to its oxygen-rich functional groups and can stabilize oil-in-water emulsions. Nanographene oxide dispersions demonstrate stability in water for up to 6 months. Its stability in electrolyte solutions can be enhanced with non-covalent polymer coatings, and graphite oxide itself disperses readily in basic solutions. Emulsions containing graphene oxide nanoadditives have shown robust pH and viscosity stability for up to 90 days.
Synergies
- Silver nanoparticles (stabilization and prevention of agglomeration)
Conflicts
- Irritant surfactants (can cause skin irritation when co-formulated with graphene-based materials)
Safety
Safety Profile
There is no official review by CIR or SCCS for Graphite Oxide or Graphene Oxide as a cosmetic ingredient. Graphite (a distinct material) was delisted by the FDA as a color additive in 1977. Research indicates a dose-dependent toxicity for graphene oxide; while some forms show toxicity to human fibroblasts above 50 µg/mL (0.005%), nanographene oxide (GOn) has demonstrated non-toxicity to fibroblasts at concentrations up to 1000 µg/mL (0.1%). Graphene-based materials themselves did not induce skin irritation in reconstructed human epidermis tests; however, formulations containing irritant surfactants should be avoided.
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
Graphite Oxide, specifically its nanographene oxide derivative, is a valuable multifunctional ingredient offering advanced delivery, protection, and regenerative properties, provided it is formulated with precision and awareness of concentration-dependent effects.
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References
Sources