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EUGENOL.

Avoid CAS 97-53-0 / DENATURANT, PERFUMING, TONIC

Eugenol is a naturally occurring aromatic compound found in clove oil, utilized in skincare primarily for its fragrancing properties, but also exhibiting potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite its diverse biological activities, its application in cosmetics is severely restricted due to a high risk of sensitization and irritation.

Fragrance Antioxidant Antimicrobial Denaturant Preservative (at concentrations exceeding safety limits)

Science

Eugenol functions as an antimicrobial by disrupting microbial cell membranes, inhibiting enzymatic processes, and inducing cell lysis. It neutralizes free radicals, conferring antioxidant protection against oxidative stress. Its anti-inflammatory action involves inhibiting proinflammatory mechanisms in human neutrophils, potentially reducing redness. Additionally, it possesses mild analgesic properties and acts as a topical antiseptic, with its primary cosmetic role being a perfuming and denaturant agent.


Research

Low confidence
Effective range N/A
Optimal

N/A

Key findings

  1. 01 Preclinical mouse studies showed anti-inflammatory effects with 0.2-0.5 mg/ear concentrations, reducing edema, but lower doses were ineffective. In vitro, 10-50 µg/mL exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in human neutrophils, though cytotoxic effects on human keratinocytes were also noted.
  2. 02 Eugenol demonstrated effective preservative action against bacteria and fungi in creams at 0.5-2.5% concentrations, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against common skin bacteria ranging from 0.5–2.0 µg/mL. However, an in-vitro study noted cytotoxicity at concentrations as low as 0.03%.

Transparency

Commonly dusted
Min. effective
0.001% (leave-on); 0.01% (rinse-off)%
Red flag below
Any concentration above 0.001% for leave-on or 0.01% for rinse-off products, and its documented cytotoxicity at 0.03% in vitro.%

Eugenol is frequently 'dusted' in formulations due to its high potential for sensitization and irritation. While studies suggest antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and preservative benefits, the concentrations required for these effects (e.g., 10-50 µg/mL for in vitro antioxidant/anti-inflammatory, 0.5-2.5% for preservation) often significantly exceed the strict regulatory maximums of 0.001% for leave-on and 0.01% for rinse-off products. This renders it challenging to formulate with Eugenol to achieve substantial benefits without considerable safety risks, reducing its practical utility beyond low-level fragrancing.


The Formula

Solubility
Oil
Optimal pH N/A
0 7 14

Stability

Eugenol is miscible in oil and organic solvents, with poor aqueous solubility. Its antimicrobial activity is observed across pH 5, 6, and 7, showing better efficacy at lower pH. Nanoencapsulation can address its instability and skin irritant properties, potentially reducing cytotoxicity and improving skin permeation.


Safety

CIR Status
Safe with restrictions
Max tested
0.001% (leave-on); 0.01% (rinse-off)%
Sensitization risk High

The CIR Expert Panel deems Eugenol safe with restrictions. Both IFRA and European regulations strictly limit its use in fragrances and require disclosure as an allergen above 0.001% in leave-on and 0.01% in rinse-off products due to sensitization concerns. While the FDA lists it as GRAS for food, data are insufficient for OTC drug safety/effectiveness. Eugenol is a known contact allergen, frequently causing allergic reactions, irritation, redness, and itching, particularly in sensitive individuals, and should generally be avoided in leave-on formulations due to potential long-term adverse effects.


Your Skin

No Normal
No Dry
No Oily
No Sensitive
Irritancy High
Comedogenicity Unknown

Our Assessment

Avoid

Due to its high sensitization risk, significant irritancy potential, and strict regulatory limits that prevent achieving clinically meaningful benefits, Eugenol is not recommended for precision skincare formulations.


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