Science
Mechanism of Action
It functions primarily as a mild physical abrasive to sweep away dead corneocytes and surface pollutants via controlled friction. In advanced skincare, it acts as a nanoporous carrier, shielding unstable actives like retinoids and facilitating their sustained release into the dermis while concurrently providing calcium to assist in barrier repair and epidermal differentiation.
Research
Clinical Evidence
High confidence3%
Key findings
- 01 A 4 to 8-week clinical trial utilizing a 1.0%-5.0% concentration within a delivery system resulted in 96% of participants observing measurable improvements in skin plumpness and texture smoothness.
- 02 Long-term subchronic toxicity evaluations confirm its safety for systemic exposure and lack of toxicological potential when applied topically.
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
Often listed in trace amounts to claim 'exfoliating' benefits on the label, but concentrations below 1% are insufficient to provide the mechanical friction or the delivery system benefits observed in clinical settings.
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Insoluble in both water and oil; it remains as suspended particles within a formula. While stable in neutral to alkaline environments, it may destabilize or dissolve if the pH drops below 3.0.
Synergies
- Retinaldehyde
- Barrier-repair lipids
- Humectants
Conflicts
- Cationic surfactants
- Polyquaternium-10
- Strong Alpha Hydroxy Acids (pH < 3.0)
Safety
Safety Profile
Recognized as safe by the CIR Expert Panel (2021). While used at very high levels in oral care, leave-on skincare applications are typically capped at 5% to ensure the formula remains non-irritating.
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
An excellent dual-purpose ingredient that provides safe physical resurfacing and enhances the efficacy of potent actives through its unique delivery system properties.
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References
Sources