Science
Mechanism of Action
Functions through high concentrations of monoterpenes including beta-pinene, alpha-pinene, and delta-3-carene that disrupt bacterial cell membranes and scavenge free radicals. The extract constricts skin tissues through astringent action while forming a protective barrier layer on the skin surface.
Research
Clinical Evidence
Medium confidence0.5%
Key findings
- 01 Demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus with MIC of 56 μg/mL, with key constituents showing inhibition at 2.6-13.6 μg/mL concentrations
- 02 Bark extracts exhibited strong antioxidant capacity in DPPH assays and inhibited inflammatory enzymes including glutathione S-transferase
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
Typically used at functional concentrations between 0.1-1% where benefits are substantiated rather than as marketing dust
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Highly susceptible to oxidation due to volatile terpene compounds; requires antioxidant protection and light-resistant packaging. Hydrosol forms maintain stability for 14-24 months at pH 3.8-4.0.
Synergies
- Tocopherol
- other antioxidants
Conflicts
- Strong oxidizing agents
- High heat exposure
Safety
Safety Profile
EU regulated under Annex III/107. Requires peroxide value below 10 mmoles/L to prevent terpene oxidation sensitization. Leave-on products typically limited to under 1% due to fragrance restrictions.
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
A moderately effective natural extract with proven antimicrobial benefits, but stability challenges and moderate irritancy limit its appeal for sensitive skin formulations.
Related
Similar Ingredients
Finding similar ingredients…