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2-NITRO-P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE SULFATE.

Questionable CAS 68239-83-8 / HAIR DYEING

An aromatic amine compound primarily used as a hair dye intermediate that forms colored complexes through oxidation reactions. This water-soluble ingredient penetrates hair fibers to create permanent color changes but carries significant sensitization concerns. Its use is heavily restricted due to documented allergic reactions and regulatory bans in the European Union.

hair dyeing

Science

Functions as a direct dye coating in semi-permanent formulations or undergoes oxidative coupling in permanent hair dyes to form larger imine complexes that become trapped within hair structure. On skin contact, it metabolizes into triaminobenzene and N4-acetyl-2NPPD compounds.


Research

High confidence
Effective range 1.1–2.5%
Optimal

1.1%

Key findings

  1. 01 Non-irritating at 2.5% concentration in rabbit primary skin irritation study (PII = 0)
  2. 02 Sensitization observed in 20% of guinea pigs at 3.0% concentration
  3. 03 Human patch test confirmed positive sensitization reaction at 2.0% in occupational exposure case

Transparency

Commonly dusted
Min. effective
1.1%
Red flag below
2%

Concentrations above 1.1% significantly increase sensitization risk, with documented allergic reactions at 2.0% and above in both animal and human studies


The Formula

Solubility
Water
Optimal pH N/A
0 7 14

Stability

Solid form demonstrates good storage stability but readily oxidizes in aqueous solution forming reactive intermediates. Solution exhibits pH-dependent color changes appearing reddish orange.

Conflicts

  • Nitrosating agents
  • Ferric chloride
  • Oxidizing agents

Safety

CIR Status
Safe with restrictions
Max tested
1.1%
Pregnancy
Caution
Sensitization risk High

CIR Panel concluded safety only for non-sensitized individuals. Banned in EU under Annex II due to toxicity concerns. US permits use in hair products with mandatory caution statements and patch testing requirements.


Your Skin

Yes Normal
Yes Dry
Yes Oily
No Sensitive
Irritancy Low
Comedogenicity Unknown

Our Assessment

Questionable

While effective for hair coloring, the high sensitization risk and regulatory restrictions make this ingredient problematic for widespread cosmetic use.


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References