Science
Mechanism of Action
Functions by reacting with primary intermediates in the presence of oxidizing agents to form large, stable pigment molecules that resist washing and fading.
Research
Clinical Evidence
Medium confidence0.15%
Key findings
- 01 SCCS patch testing at 3.0% showed no irritation over 72 hours in animal studies
- 02 Safety assessment at 0.15% on-head concentration demonstrated margin of safety of 317
Transparency
Dusting Analysis
Primarily used in hair dye formulations rather than skincare products, making dusting analysis not applicable for typical cosmetic applications
The Formula
Formulation
Stability
Demonstrates excellent stability in aqueous solutions with less than 5% variation over 8 days at room temperature, though susceptible to premature oxidation in complex formulations
Synergies
- p-phenylenediamine (primary intermediate)
- hydrogen peroxide (oxidizing agent)
Conflicts
- Strong oxidizing agents
- Strong acids
- Acidic environments below pH 6.0
Safety
Safety Profile
CIR Expert Panel and SCCS both approve for hair dye use only, with known skin sensitization potential requiring careful handling
Your Skin
Skin Compatibility
Our Assessment
Verdict
Specialized hair dye ingredient with known sensitization risks that offers no established benefits for facial skincare applications.
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References
Sources